home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=94TT0086>
- <title>
- Jan. 24, 1994: The Arts & Media:Art
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jan. 24, 1994 Ice Follies
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE ARTS & MEDIA, Page 65
- Art
- Icons Of Stalinism
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Soviet Socialist Realism portrayed a godlike Maximum Leader
- reigning over a communist heaven
- </p>
- <p>By Robert Hughes
- </p>
- <p> Russia has an inverse-survival law of political totems: the
- more images of a leader there were, the fewer there will be.
- Since 1989, cities from the Danube to the Urals have heard the
- liberating thud of bronze Lenins being pulled from their pedestals.
- But the biggest migration of images into oblivion began in 1956,
- three years after the Maximum Leader's death, when Nikita Khrushchev
- made a speech denouncing Joseph Stalin.
- </p>
- <p> Throughout his rule, Stalin had sponsored a form of state art
- officially known as Socialist Realism. Geared to a naive, not
- to say brutish, mass public barely literate in artistic matters,
- Soviet Socialist Realism was the most coarsely idealistic kind
- of art ever foisted on a modern audience--though Capitalist
- Realism, the never-never land of desire created by American
- advertising, runs it a close second.
- </p>
- <p> As a young man Stalin had been snubbed by the Russian intellectual
- elite. His revenge was to grind their faces in the ice of miracle,
- mystery and authority, to make culture into a form of ventriloquism
- from on high. Socialist Realism was a religious art celebrating
- the transcendent power of communist ideology, the impending
- heaven of world socialism and the godlike benignity of its father,
- Lenin's successor, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, the man
- of steel. And like the traditional icons of Christ and the saints
- it replaced, the stuff was omnipresent. No square or schoolroom
- in Russia lacked its image of Stalin pointing to the future.
- </p>
- <p> The truly astonishing thing was how quickly, after Khrushchev's
- speech, it all disappeared. The statues were unpedestaled; the
- thousands of pictures vanished into cellars; Stalin's auto-monument,
- his embalmed body, which lay in state beside Lenin's in the
- tomb under the Kremlin wall, was deaccessioned, hoicked out
- and cremated, and its ashes were scattered.
- </p>
- <p> Thus by one of those ironies in which totalitarian culture abounds,
- Socialist Realism was censored out of view just as its sponsor
- had once buried Modernism--the art of the earlier Russian
- Constructivists. There must now be millions of Russians who
- have never seen one of these once mandatory icons of the dreaded
- father. The stuff was never popular in America either. Hence
- the interest of the current show at the Institute for Contemporary
- Art in the P.S. 1 Museum in New York City. Titled "Stalin's
- Choice: Soviet Socialist Realism, 1932-1956," it consists of
- around 100 paintings and sculptures exhumed from various Russian
- museums. Appended to it is a group of works and installations
- by contemporary Russian artists--Komar and Melamid, Ilya Kabakov
- and others--that reflect on the Socialist Realist legacy with
- more irony than bitterness: this was the formative art of their
- childhood, and they had little else.
- </p>
- <p> With the help of the Russian Ministry of Culture, curators Joseph
- Bakshtein, Kathrin Becker, Zdenka Gabalova and Alanna Heiss
- have done a remarkable job on a very tight budget. A sampling
- of Socialist Realism was included in a broader Russian exhibition
- at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1977, but otherwise nothing
- like this show has been seen in America before. The very notion
- of an American museum asking for Stalinist paintings seems so
- weird that any interest in them is bound to seem morbid. To
- look at, say, Vasili Svarog's ebullient 1939 painting of Stalin
- and the jolly butchers of the Politburo frolicking with smiling
- children in Gorky Park is like hearing a particularly ghastly
- fairy tale told from the point of view of the ogre.
- </p>
- <p> Every painting in the show is kitsch by high-Modernist standards.
- And it is not easy to don the expectations of the original audience.
- The paintings presuppose a knowledge of Russian society, and
- above all a saturation with its period propaganda, that few
- in the West can claim. Why did it matter for political purposes
- that the writer Maxim Gorky should be depicted taking lessons
- on the rifle range from Marshal Voroshilov, the commissar of
- war? It mattered because Gorky, though a literary favorite and
- a devoted friend of Lenin's, was opposed to shooting, and this
- bothered Stalin.
- </p>
- <p> It is worthwhile to remember that such art--which, mutatis
- mutandis, has also been the formal state style of Hitler, Mao
- Zedong and not a few minor figures including Saddam Hussein--has meant more to more people in the past 60 years than all
- the sanctified Modernist styles, from Fauvism to Pop, rolled
- together. Like Modernism's, its roots lay in the 19th century.
- If Modernism grew from Manet, Monet and Cezanne, Socialist Realism
- emerged from their conservative opposition--the academic and
- narrative work that was the institutional art of Europe a century
- ago. In Russia the hugely popular landscapes and genre scenes
- of the Peredvizhniki, or Wanderers, led by Ilya Repin (1844-1930),
- were promoted as a mirror of the Russian soul by the most nationalistic
- of all 19th century Czars, Alexander III. Socialist Realism,
- violently nationalist in its rhetoric, inherited this aura.
- </p>
- <p> What strikes a modern non-Russian viewer most is Socialist Realism's
- unabashed fantasy. Realism in Stalinist terms did not mean painting
- things as they were or even as they might be: the inevitability
- of Socialist progress erased that conditional "might," along
- with the gap between present and future. That which will be
- already is, under the world-sustaining gaze of Comrade Stalin.
- Ideology ascribed to Stalin the actual role of God, the creation
- of reality itself.
- </p>
- <p> Socialist victory ends the class struggle and wipes out the
- old "capitalist" contradiction between beauty and truth. We
- in 1994 may get a hoot from Ekaterina Zernova's 1937 painting
- of collective farmers greeting a tank in a country lane with
- bouquets, or Aleksandr Deineka's solemn image of Lenin (who
- was childless) on a country spin in an open car with seven children,
- thus signifying his fatherhood of Russia. Why do we laugh? Because
- we do not grasp how, in the words of Towards a Theory of Art
- by an apparatchik named G. Nedoshivin, once "the basis in reality
- of this contradiction between poetry and truth is itself destroyed,
- then the truth of the social order itself appears deeply poetic...This is realized in socialist society."
- </p>
- <p> But once one does grasp this inspiring process, everything falls
- into place. One sees how Socialist Realism transcends history,
- with Stalin (who in 1917 was the editor of Pravda but had no
- role in planning the October Revolution) being painted into
- the very heart of the first Bolshevik conclaves cheek by jowl
- with Lenin. One sees Stalin protecting the motherland from the
- Kremlin ramparts, towering over generals or members of the Politburo
- who in biological life were considerably taller than he. There
- he is conducting the defense of Stalingrad (though in fact he
- prudently avoided going anywhere near a battle), encouraging
- collective farmers and listening to Maxim Gorky read.
- </p>
- <p> But most of all he is busy being himself: God. Fyodor Shurpin's
- Morning of Our Motherland, 1946-48, is a portrait of Stalin
- in the literal form of the Pantocrator, contemplating a new
- world he has brought into being. He wears a white coat of radiant
- purity and is bathed in the light of an early spring morning.
- Behind him stretch the green pastures of a transfigured Russia,
- Poussin (as it were) with tractors and electricity pylons, and
- shy plumes of smoke rising to greet the socialist dawn from
- far-off factories. As Dante wrote, in God's will is our peace.
- No future Chernobyls here.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-